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Surface Strengthening of Ductile Iron – Surface Quenching
The purpose of surface quenching is to obtain a martensitic structure on the surface of the casting, improving its wear resistance while retaining good plasticity and toughness in the core. Before surface quenching, the volume fraction of pearlite in the casting should n...Read more -
Normalizing and Tempering of Ductile Iron Castings
Ordinary Normalizing The purpose of ordinary normalizing is to obtain pearlitic or sorbitic ductile iron castings, as per ISO 800-2, ISO 700-2, and ISO 600-3. When the as-cast microstructure lacks free cementite, metastable ternary or complex phosphine eutectics, the nor...Read more -
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Pearlite
Pearlite is a mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite. According to the morphology of cementite, pearlite can be classified into lamellar pearlite and granular pearlite. Lamellar Pearlite Lamellar pearlite consists of alternating layers of ferrite and cementit...Read more -
Defects in Ductile Iron Castings – Fragmented Graphite
Phenomenon Fragmented graphite is a type of distorted graphite frequently found in large-section (wall thickness ≥ 100 mm) ductile iron castings, particularly at hot spots. On the macroscopic fracture surface, dense, 1-3 mm in size dark spots are visible in the central r...Read more -
Effect of Carbon Content on the Process Properties of Iron–Carbon Alloys
Machinability The machinability of metallic materials is a highly complex issue, generally evaluated from aspects such as allowable cutting speed, cutting force, and surface roughness. Factors including the material’s chemical composition, hardness, toughness, thermal co...Read more -
Shrinkage Cavities and Porosity in Ductile Iron Castings
Characteristics Large, concentrated cavities that are clearly visible are called shrinkage cavities, while small, scattered cavities that are difficult to see are called shrinkage porosity. Shrinkage cavities and porosity are more common in ductile iron castings than in...Read more -
Hot Working of Metals
Hot Working and Cold Working of Metals Plastic deformation processing is a method of forming and modifying metals by applying pressure. However, when plastic deformation is performed at room temperature, work hardening occurs, which increases the resistance to def...Read more -
Poor Nodularization and Nodularization Deterioration in Ductile Iron
Poor Nodularization: Poor nodularization refers to the failure of the nodularization treatment to achieve the expected nodularization result. The metallographic structure of poor nodularization consists of concentrated thick flake graphite and a small amount of spheroid...Read more -
Common Heat Treatment Processes for Gray Cast Iron Castings
Heat Treatment Characteristics of Gray Iron Castings Due to gray cast iron's high silicon content and the presence of graphite in its metallographic structure, its phase transformations during heating and cooling exhibit unique characteristics: Eutectoid transformation o...Read more -
Long-Term High-Temperature and Endurance Performance Measurement of Cast Steel
The following two measurement methods are applicable to stainless steel castings, alloy steel castings, and carbon steel castings. Endurance performance test The endurance performance test is to determine the strength of a material that does not break at a given temperat...Read more -
Investment Casting
Investment casting is a process in which several layers of refractory coatings are applied to the surface of a wax pattern. After hardening and drying, the wax pattern is melted and removed by heating, forming a mold shell with a cavity corresponding to the shape of the ...Read more -
Key Process Elements of Steel Casting Heat Treatment
The as-cast microstructure of steel castings depends on their chemical composition and solidification and crystallization processes. These typically exhibit severe dendritic segregation, extremely uneven microstructure, coarse grains, and a Widmanstätten (or reticular) s...Read more
